The purpose of this notice of funding opportunity (NOFO) is to solicit proposals for basic science experiments involving humans (BESH) aimed at elucidating neurobiological mechanisms underlying the influence of psychosocial stress on neurobehavioral function and risk for substance use disorders (SUD) and co-occurring psychiatric disorders in people living with HIV (PLWH). As referred to in NOT-OD-18-212, BESH are prospective basic science studies involving human participants that fall within the NIH definition of a clinical trial and also meet the definition of basic research. Such studies prospectively assign human participants to conditions (i.e., experimentally manipulate independent variables) and assess biomedical or behavioral outcomes in humans for the purpose of understanding the fundamental processes or principles. Applicants proposing projects involving animal models or observational studies in humans should use the companion NOFO, RFA-DA-24-005. This NOFO requires a Plan for Enhancing Diverse Perspectives (PEDP), which will be assessed as part of the scientific and technical peer review evaluation. Applications that fail to include a PEDP will be considered incomplete and will be withdrawn. Applicants are strongly encouraged to read the NOFO instructions carefully and view the available PEDP guidance material (https://extramural-intranet.nih.gov/sites/default/files/IC-Specific%20NOFO%20PEDP%20Inclusion%20Template%2003-28-2023.pdf ).