This NIH Neuroscience Development for Advancing the Careers of a Diverse Research Workforce (R25) is a flexible and specialized program designed to foster the development of neuroscience researchers from diverse backgrounds, including from underrepresented groups across career stages. Thus, it encourages applications from applicant organizations that propose innovative mentoring and professional development activities in the mission area(s) of the NINDS and/or NIMH. This Neuroscience Diversity R25 initiative will focus on factors that have been shown to affect retention of underrepresented graduate students, postdoctoral trainees, and junior faculty in neuroscience research such as mentoring, scientific networks, professional development, and attention to the structural and institutional environment regarding inclusion (http://acd.od.nih.gov/dbr.htm; Structure and Belonging: Pathways to Success for Underrepresented Minority and Women Ph.D. Students in STEM Fields; The Science of Effective Mentorship in STEMM).The NIH expects applicant institutions to propose programs that will lead to an improvement in the professional development, mentoring and technical expertise of individuals who are individuals from diverse backgrounds, including those from groups that are nationally underrepresented in neuroscience research. Programs that target transitions and/or more than one career stage for neuroscience career advancement and progression are strongly encouraged. This initiative will support the development of collaborative research education partnerships that will increase participants awareness and interest in the neurosciences, develop participants scientific knowledge and research skills that will allow them to progress and transition to more advanced neuroscience-related research education and training activities. Proposed program interventions to enhance workforce diversity in response to this FOA should also focus on asset models and leadership opportunities, rat